عبير فرحان رشيد محمد العنزي

البحوث المنشورة

Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (MCSF) and Receptor Activator of NF₭B Ligand (RANKL) in Osteoclastogenesis

http://ijcrr.com/uploads/3819_pdf.pdf

22/06/2021

Introduction: Osteoclasts are defined as bone-resorbing cells which have an important function in skeletal development as well as in bone remodelling in the adult stage. Two significant cytokines stimulate the differentiation of osteoclasts from cells of the monocyte/macrophage; the monocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activation of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). For osteoclast precursors to proliferate, MCSF needs to bind to its receptor c-Fms which activates the signalling pathway required. Furthermore, RANKL which is the elementary differentiation factor of osteoclast stimulates the process through the gene expression control by activating its receptor. Aims: This study aims to demonstrate osteoclastogenesis using RAW264.7 line cell in vitro and identify the alterations in gene expression of the progenitor cells that typify osteoclast cells. Methodology: The study was conducted using hematopoietic precursor cells to examine the cellular differentiation into osteoclast under the control of RANKL. Furthermore, microarrays were used to accurately analyze the expression of the genes of interest by exhibiting the gene expressions changes and expected regulations of osteoclasts marker genes such as Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), Tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRAP) and c-FMS. Results: We have identified that the upregulation of TRAP mRNA expression indicated the differentiation of osteoclast cells in the progenitor cells were induced by RANKL. Conclusion: The presence of Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (MCSF) stimulates the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors into osteoclasts in the presence of RANKL.

Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Diseases in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in the Middle East: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8419503/

28/08/2021

Aims: The prevalence of CKD in patients with diabetes mellitus in the Middle East region is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to understand the pooled prevalence of CKD in patients with diabetes mellitus in the Middle East region.

Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant studies up to October 2020. The search strategy was conducted using both keywords and MeSH terms. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that included patients from all age groups and any study design that reported on the prevalence of CKD in patients with diabetes mellitus were included. The pooled estimate for the prevalence of CKD in patients with diabetes was calculated using random-effect models with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results: A total of 489 citations were identified, of which only nine studies matched our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. All of the studies used an observational study design covering a total of 59,395 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pooled estimate of the prevalence of CKD in patients with diabetes mellitus was 28.96% (95% CI: 19.80-38.11).

Conclusions: A high prevalence of CKD in patients with diabetes mellitus in the Middle East region was found. Further epidemiological studies are warranted in this area to have a better estimate of the prevalence of CKD among DM in the Middle East region.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8297245/

01/07/2021

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the trend of ischemic heart disease (IHD) admission and the prescriptions of IHD medications in England and Wales. Methods: A secular trends study was conducted during the period of 1999 to 2019. We extracted hospital admission data for patients from all age groups from the Hospital Episode Statistics database in England and the Patient Episode Database for Wales. Prescriptions of IHD medications were extracted from the Prescription Cost Analysis database from 2004 to 2019. The chi-squared test was used to assess the difference between the admission rates and the difference between IHD medication prescription rates. The trends in IHD-related hospital admission and IHD-related medication prescription were assessed using a Poisson model. The correlation between hospital admissions for IHD and its IHD medication-related prescriptions was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Our study detected a significant increase in the rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD) medication prescriptions in England and Wales, representing a rise in the CVD medications prescription rate of 41.8% (from 539,334.95 (95% CI = 539,286.30–539,383.59) in 2004 to 764,584.55 (95% CI = 764,545.55–764,623.56) in 2019 prescriptions per 100,000 persons), with a mean increase of 2.8% per year during the past 15 years. This increase was connected with a reduction in the IHD hospital admission rate by 15.4% (from 838.50 (95% CI = 836.05–840.94) in 2004 to 709.78 (95% CI = 707.65–711.92) in 2019 per 100,000 persons, trend test, p < 0.01), with a mean decrease of 1.02% per year during the past 15 years and by 5% (from 747.43 (95% CI = 745.09–749.77) in 1999 to 709.78 (95% CI = 707.65–711.92) in 2019 per 100,000 persons, trend test, p < 0.01) with a mean decrease of 0.25% per year during the past two decades in England and Wales. Conclusion: The rate of hospitalisation due to IHD has decreased in England and Wales during the past two decades. Hospitalisation due to IHD was strongly and negatively correlated with the increase in the rates of dispensing of IHD-related medications. Other factors contributing to this decline could be the increase in controlling IHD risk factors during the past few years. Future studies exploring other risk factors that are associated with IHD hospitalisation are warranted.